The Effects of Supply Chain Integration, Sustainable Supply Chain Practices and it Capability on INGO’s Performance: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan’s Humanitarian Sector

Abstract

International non-governmental organizations (INGOs) play a essential role in providing humanitarian aid and social services, particularly in developing nations such as Pakistan. However, frequent natural disasters, political instability, and resource limitations pose persistent challenges to the success of humanitarian supply chains. This study examines the effects of supply chain integration (SCI), sustainable supply chain practices (SSCP), and information technology (IT) capability on the performance of INGOs operating in Pakistan’s humanitarian sector. The study is based on RBV-Resource based view, Dynamic Capabilities, as well as Stakeholder Theory, and Relational View. The study proposes that these three organizational capabilities when effectively integrated enhance operational efficiency, responsiveness, and sustainability. The study used a cross-sectional and quantitative research design; utilizing a structured questionnaire distributed among INGOs engaged in humanitarian operations across Pakistan. Using convenience sampling, data were collected from 210 respondents representing various organizations. To evaluate the proposed associations, the responses were examined using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) through SmartPLS 4. The findings showed that, supply chain integration, sustainable practices, and IT capability each have a positive and significant effect on INGO performance. The results confirmed that INGOs with well-integrated, sustainable, and technologically enabled supply chains perform more effectively in terms of cost efficiency, agility, and service delivery.