http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/19821 Sat, 04 Apr 2026 12:35:32 GMT 2026-04-04T12:35:32Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1473 Effects of Monetary Variables on the Risk-Return Relationship Mahwish Khokhar The main objective of this thesis is to explore the impact of monetary variables on risk-return relationship using daily data from July 2004 to July 2014. Least Squares technique is applied to test the interactive affect of all variables on risk-return relationship and the results of economic model proved that there is insignificant negative effect of interest rate, exchange rate, and interest rate on risk-return relationship. On the contrary, small size has relatively little impact on risk and return relationship than medium size of the firm. Subsequently, large size of the firm has shown highly positive impact on the relationship of risk and return compared to small and medium size. However, the robust tests are also carried out to counter check the results of economic model. Primarily, Vector Autoregression tests are applied to test the effects of monetary variables on prices of the stock and Granger Causality estimates are employed to examine the causal association among the variables. The overall statistical estimates of Granger Causality indicate that there is causal association between stock prices and exchange rates; stock prices and market capitalization. On the contrary, there is no causal association between stock prices and interest rate; stock prices and risk. The Vector Autoregression estimates showed fairly substantial results proving that the relationship among all underlying variables is positive. However, the statistical estimates have indicated that the risk-return relationship is negatively affected by contraction in the monetary policy. The statistical estimates of exchange rates have shown significant positive results throughout the research and it can be said that risk-return relationship improves with the improvement in exchange rate and the results support the theory of Sharpe-Litner (1964- 65). The market capitalization has also indicated significantly positive results throughout the thesis and a judgment can be made that risk-return relationship improves with the increase in the size of the firm. Thus, all the monetary variables employed in this thesis except for interest rate significantly affect the risk-return relationship. Supervised by mr.Dr. Muhammad Ayub Siddiqui Thu, 01 Jan 2015 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1473 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/2909 The Impact of Internet and its dimensions on export marketing performance of Goods and Services: Evidence from Pakistan Hassan Nawaz The stimulus to carry out this research is to investigate the impact of internet, and its dimensions (internet advertisement, affiliate marketing, corporate website and social media marketing) on export marketing performance of goods and services in Pakistan. The study uses cybercrime as moderating variable between internet and export marketing performance. The units of analysis are those firms, enterprises and companies in Pakistan which are exporting their products and services by using internet to some or full extent. Primary data is collected from 93 exporting firms located in the Sialkot, Mirpur, Faisalabad, Lahore, Rawalpindi and Islamabad. To empirically determine the relationship among independent variables, moderating variables and dependent variable, the study uses various statistical techniques, including OLS method. Findings indicate that internet advertisement, social media marketing and corporate websites have significant positive impact on export marketing performance. Findings of this study helps to develop reliable and valid measures for the manufacturers and service providers to enhance their export performance by using effective export marketing techniques on internet. Findings also help them to substantially increase their contribution in Pakistan economy by increasing the exports. Supervised by Dr. Mehboob Ahmad Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/2909 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/3162 The impact of board composition and board size on financial performance : evidence from banking sector of Pakistan Muhammad Sohail, 01-229112-016 ***Attached*** Supervised by Dr. Mehboob Ahmed Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/3162 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/2906 The Impact of Foreign Funding on the Performance of Microfinance Institutions in Pakistan Saima Latif, 01-229111-002 The microfinance sector of Pakistan is flourishing since earlier 2000s and it has grown to an appreciable level. Like many developing economies, foreign funding from developed countries has been the major source of funding for the sector. However, there still remains a portion of un-served market due to the gap between funding sources and demand. The focus of this study is to analyze the impact of foreign funding received by Microfinance institutions (MFIs) of Pakistan on their performance. The performance is measured in terms of the growth of their micro credit and non credit micro services (micro insurance and micro savings). For analysis purpose, two approaches have been adopted. First is institutions based approach, in which 05 years (2008-2012) data of 08 non bank MFIs is considered for their micro credit outreach (number of active borrowers and GLP) and profitability (Net income, ROA, ROE). PPAF disbursements to MFIs in the sample are considered foreign funding and are taken as independent variable for this approach. Second approach is industry based in which 07 years (2006-2012) data on variables of microcredit outreach (number of active borrowers and GLP), micro savings (number of savers and savings value) and micro insurance (number of policy holders and sum insured) is considered. An estimated value of foreign funding is taken as independent variable. The empirical results of institutions based analysis indicate that the impact of PPAF disbursements (as foreign funding) on outreach components, number of active borrowers and Gross Loan Portfolio (GLP), and profitability component of Net Income (NI) is highly significant. Whereas, the relationship of PPAF disbursements (foreign funding) with profitability components of ROA and ROE, is not highly significant but is also not ix insignificant. On the other hand, the empirical results of industry based analysis indicate that the relationship of foreign funding with number of active borrowers and GLP is strongly significant thus referring that foreign funding plays an important role in the growth of micro credit sector in Pakistan. The relation of foreign funding with number of savers and value of savings is also significant. However, there comes out be an insignificant relationship of foreign funding with number of policy holders. Same is the case of the relationship between foreign funding and sum insured. The reason of this insignificance may be that micro insurance service is not that much dependent upon fund base of the industry as micro credit and even micro savings. In addition, a mathematical relationship between outreach of micro credit (number of active borrowers & GLP), based on the results of the study, is formulated for non bank MFIs with around 20% equity and 80% debt. The underlying assumption is that at least half of the debt consists of foreign funding. It is formulated that number of active borrowers for a non bank MFI is directly proportional to amount of foreign funding received by the MFI, if average loan size is kept constant. If average loan size is not kept constant, then GLP becomes directly proportional to foreign funding. The study concludes that foreign funding plays a pivotal role towards the performance of MFIs in Pakistan, especially in terms of micro credit services. Supervised by Prof. Dr. Mehboob Ahmad Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/2906 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z