http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1931 Sat, 04 Apr 2026 12:26:42 GMT 2026-04-04T12:26:42Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1936 Advance Field Surveillance System (AFSS) Khan, Haris Aslam Reg # 19206; Junaid, Muhammad Reg # 19211; Malik, M. Hafan Reg # 19210 The data of the atmospheric condition in remote areas is gathered by this system where human intervention is a risk or not available. It is a robotic vehicle which has ability of performing surveillance in the desire areas and can also execute communication with the command center at the remote site.In such cases ‘embedded systems’ are used which perform their duty independent of human intervention completely or partially and designed specially to perform a few tasks in a most efficient way. AFSS is designed in such a way that it is more reliable and can perform more intelligently in the field along with easy to operate. Complexity of the system design and machine’s program were avoided during the designing stages to get it can upgraded according to the needs. Andriod software is used for the programming of all sensors and RF module, Projects like AFSS efficiently necessary and helpful in field, with the passage of time new methods, techniques and features will be commence in it to make it more successful and efficient. Supervised by Engr. Hina Shakir Sun, 01 Sep 2013 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1936 2013-09-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1935 A NOVEL RELAY NODE ASSIGNMENT TO SAVE ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS Ahmed, Gulnaz Reg # 24215 Sensor Networks (SNs) belong to the class of intelligent networks employing sensor technology. Usually these networks are called Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) that originate communication electronics, self organizing capabilities of sensors according to some protocol and power issues. An important issue that has been taking attention of many researchers from the last few decenniums is the operation of a Sensor Network (SN) under energy limitations. Sensor networks consist of a wide range of diminutive sensor nodes, in which some are selected as member nodes and some as Relay Nodes. The main goal is to designate the possible Relay Nodes (RNs) to different terminal pairs to enhance data rate between all transmitter-receiver couples and to enlarge the network lifetime span. Clustering the sensor nodes efficiently and dynamically with least energy consumption is the current issue in front of researchers, so that lifetime of sensor nodes will be increased. Cooperation among Relay Nodes and Edge Nodes (ENs) along with restrained energy utilization depends upon some protocol such as LEACH for data transmission. We have revealed numerous considerations to elaborate the issues relevant to WSNs for instance Cluster-Head selection, low data reception rate, Relay Nodes Placement and number of Relay Nodes Assignment among Edge Nodes for optimal power usage. Therefore to enlarge the lifetime span of a Sensor Network, there are two key controversies which include best data gathering mechanisms and energy based efficient data transmission. Energy utilization of a WSN is a big problem and to handle this we need the best method of sensor nodes assembly which can abate energy depletion. In this curiosity “Cluster chaining based sensor nodes assembly” [11] has been classified as the optimum technique for abbreviating power utilization of the network. In Cluster chaining based sensor nodes organization every cluster needs to be handled by a head called Cluster-Head. However, in a Clustering technique, the Cluster-Head node of each cluster will exhaust some additional energy as related to other non-CIuster Head nodes because of its additional functions such as data collection and averaging responsibilities. These responsibilities append facts accession from all member nodes; amalgamate facts to dilute the size, and the transportation of the collected facts to an end terminal located away from network. As an outcome Cluster-Head nodes dispose to use more energy than normal nodes hence, die faster than normal nodes. To solve this issue, two things should be taken under consideration. First one is to rotate the duties of Cluster-Head among all nodes in the cluster and second is energy utilization. For resolving the controversy of energy utilization, Clustering is the best technique. To have a generous choice of the Cluster-Head we suggest the rotation of Cluster-Head duty among all nodes on the ground of present energy values of nodes and their distances from end terminal. The election of Cluster-PIead depending on the energy values and distances of nodes can be a best option. To rotate the Cluster-Head role among different nodes the energy value of each present Cluster-Head to conclude the threshold edge at which we can declare a new Cluster-Head called election state. The election state is activated when the remaining energy of the present Cluster-Heads goes beneath the selected threshold edge. Now if a Cluster-Head finds that its remaining energy goes beneath selected threshold edge for a certain time period then a fresh Cluster-Head is elected which depends on the same criteria. In this thesis, we tackle the problem of energy limitation in WSN by assigning RNs. We propose a Cluster Chain Based Relay Nodes Assignment (CCBRNA) scheme to manage the energy constraints in WSN, which Assigns Relay Nodes (Cluster-Heads) on the basis of energy and distances parameters but priority is always given to the energy value. The primary model of CCBRNA based on LEACH and PEGASIS protocols is redeveloped to enlarge the lifetime span of network nodes. This scheme is sliced into two main steps. In the first step Cluster-Head is selected and then in second step data transmission starts using an internal chain of nodes according to the distances of nodes from Base Station. In data transmission step, data transportation between different clusters takes place and lastly data is sent to the end terminal moving via the nearest Cluster-Head. Simulation in MATLAB verifies the enhanced lifetime of the nodes. We have used the distance as the key parameter while data transmission takes place. The scheme is efficient as when there are large number of nodes, chaining will take very less time and as well as energy to transmit the data to Cluster-Head. We have further applied an external chaining among Cluster-Heads of different clusters. With the applied limitations and suggested resources such as additional processor, it works well in relaying process. Supervised by Asst. Prof. Asia Samreen Thu, 01 Aug 2013 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1935 2013-08-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1934 AUTOMATIC WIRELESS SATELLITE POSITIONING ANTENNA SYSTEM Noor, Iqra Reg # 19207; Bibi, Saima Reg # 19218; Afaq, Zain REg # 19226 This report discusses the scope and detailed description of our final year project "Automatic Wireless Satellite Dish Positioning System". The project is designed to adjust the dish to receive TV signals of maximum strength from satellite. This positioning system can also be used in GPS satellite tracking system, remote sensing, broadcasting, and mobile or internet satellite services. It consists of two stepper motors that enable the satellite dish to move in horizontal or vertical direction using zigBee technology. As zigBee is a global protocol build up by IEEE 802.15 working group to support applications related to wireless personal area networks, so it is used for wireless communication between indoor and outdoor unit in our project. It sends coded data to receiver whose output is sent to microcontroller which sends control signals to geared motors through driver. It operates in the unlicensed band of 2.4GHz using the both offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying and Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum modulation technique. It provides low data rates, consumes very low power and is thus characterized by long battery life. This report briefly tells about the system and its technical description. The focus of the report is to discuss the scope and objectives of our project, components used and describe the technology used in this project. Supervised by Muhammad Hussain Thu, 01 Aug 2013 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1934 2013-08-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1937 A MODEL OF DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSTEM FOR REMOTE AND SECURED COMMUNICATION Khan, Azmat Reg # 24212 Due to lack of university-industry linkages in our country, the students, especially at undergraduate level, when exposed to industries after their graduation, face practical difficulties. To bridge this gap, a model of DCS (Distributed Control System) has been proposed which can be effectively used as hands on training tool in universities labs. The model presented, meets all the fundamental requirements, such as (1) it is userfriendly (2) It can be customized (3) It contains a built-in mechanism for remote and secured communication. During the literature review, it was found that the earlier systems developed, were lacking in one or the other fundamental requirements. The research work presents a solution to the problem by designing a simple, customizable DCSM model for secured communication via TLServer, FServer and KEPServer. TLServer 3.1 combined with Trilogi 6.31 is working as an administrator as well as engineering station in local loop communication, while the FServer works as a user. The DCSM controller can be programmed remotely and can also be controlled through online monitoring simulator. Architecture of proposed model is consist of four layers (1) Hexatec Saturn 3.0 acts as a HMI (Fluman Machine Interface) (2) KEPServerEx 4.0 acts as a OPC (OLE for Process Control) (3) Trilogi FMD88-10 PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) acts as a controller (4) Sensors. Currently, the developed model is a part of BUKC Intranet, having a MAC address (00-1F-2E-02-04-DE), an IP address (192.168.9.6), Subnet Mask (255.255.240.0) and port address (9080). Supervised by Prof. Dr. Engr. Altaf Mukati Thu, 01 Aug 2013 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1937 2013-08-01T00:00:00Z