http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/12 Bahria University Islamabad Campus Sat, 04 Apr 2026 09:13:41 GMT 2026-04-04T09:13:41Z http://localhost:8080/xmlui/bitstream/id/14/b2.jpg http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/12 http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/16481 Protection of Women against Sexual Harassment-Social Barricades and Implementation of Laws in Pakistan Malieka Farah Deeba Sexual harassment infringes the fundamental human rights of women. It restricts the most important segment of society from demonstrating their full potential and their right to work and attain equal opportunity. The quantum of this behaviour in a society can only be evaluated when women in general are fully aware of the nature of this behaviour and the legal protection available. Sexual harassment is an ambiguous term for many; when hearing of an incident of sexual harassment, many might not understand exactly what crime has been committed. Under which category does it fall? What if the complainant is lying? Pakistan has enacted special and general laws to fight the epidemic of sexual harassment. This article presents the appraisal and implementation of all the prevailing laws related to sexual harassment of women in Pakistan. It examines the hurdles, restraints, and resistance women have faced during the course of adjudication and determination of such matters due to various factors including social barricades that persist in this society. This qualitative and quantitative study examined whether the prevailing laws sufficiently cover the full nature, scope, and underlying themes of sexual harassment through implementation, by analyzing the procedures adopted at the time of implementations. I also explored whether sexual harassment is really a form of discrimination and what prevailing laws should entail to combat the practice and whether the law is generally accepted by the social community because of certain intrinsic differences. The study also recommended changes and additions to the existing methods and procedures in the laws, policies, and guidelines and implementations and examined how rampant sexual harassment is in the workplace, and whether employers address harassment through policies, training, and acting on complaints. Thu, 01 Apr 2021 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/16481 2021-04-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/16482 The Precautionary principle under International Environmental Law: a rule of customary law or merely an approach based on prudence? An analysis Dr. Usman Hameed; Ms. Malieka Farah Deeba Malik; Malik Junaid Arshad The key objective of the article is to analyze the current status of the precautionary principle under international environmental law; it also aims to identify the concerns that need to be addressed to facilitate its further growth. The article suggests that although the principle is widely applied to regulate the activities impacting common concerns of mankind, it is yet to be applied, as extensively in other fields of environmental management. As a result, at this stage of its development, the principle cannot be said to embody a rule of customary international law. The sporadic use of the principle owes much to the disagreement of states with respect to its exact meaning and scope. Nonetheless, keeping in view its regular codification in international treaties relating to environmental law, and states’ reliance upon it in international courts and tribunals to justify their claims, the principle may be said to reflect emerging rule of customary law. To accelerate the process of its evolution, the principle needs to be clarified further by setting forth standards of determining environmental risk, and steps to be taken to remove that risk. Additionally, states should be encouraged to adopt universal definition of the principle so that a single rule can be drawn by looking at international documents and court decisions involving precautionary action. Sun, 01 Sep 2019 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/16482 2019-09-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/8969 Role of SME in Poverty Alleviation in SAARC Region via Panel Data Analysis Faiza Manzoor; Longbao Wei; Mohammad Nurunnabi; Qazi Abdul Subhan The key objective of the formation of the South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is to join hands collectively for slow economic growth, poverty eradication, deprived health and education sectors. In the 12th SAARC Summit, it has been declared that poverty eradication is the main area of concentration and SAARC countries would strive their best to minimize all types of poverty with the help of any possible strategy. The main objectives of the current study are to evaluate the development of the agenda of poverty eradication in SAARC countries through small and medium enterprise (SME) development because it would be considered as a short-routed remedy to mitigate poverty. The poorest 20% income holder as a percentage of GDP has been used as the proxy for poverty in the SAARC region. SME development has been measured through the SME share in GDP in respective countries. The panel dataset has been developed for the period of 1990 to 2015. The fixed e ect method (FEM) and regression equation techniques were used to analyse the observed data. The results of the FEM were misleading. The regression equations for the respective countries were used for empirical analysis. The results have identified that there are three main factors that are essential in reducing poverty in the SAARC region: SME growth, openness of trade and social sector development. Tue, 01 Jan 2019 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/8969 2019-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/7750 A collision avoidance scheme for autonomous vehicles inspired by human social norms Faisal Riaz; Sohail Jabbar; Muhammad Sajid; Mudassar Ahmad; Kashif Naseer; Nouman Ali This paper introduces the novel idea of using human social norms and human emotions to improve the collision avoidance of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs). Until now, the literature has been concerned with theoretical debates regarding ethical issues connected to AVs, while no practical steps have yet been undertaken. This paper introduces the concept of an artificial society of AVs with different personalities and with social norms coded into their autopilot so that they act like well-behaved drivers. For proof of concept, the standard agent modelling tool Netlogo is utilized to simulate the artificial society of AVs. Further- more, comparisons are made with random walk-based non-social-based collision avoid- ance techniques. Extensive testing has been carried out using the behaviour space tool to determine the performance of the proposed approach regarding the number of collisions. A comparative study undertaken with a random walk method indicates that the proposed approach provides a better option for tailoring the autopilots of future AVs, while also promising to be more socially acceptable and trustworthy regarding safe road travel. Mon, 01 Jan 2018 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/7750 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z