http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/103 Sat, 04 Apr 2026 10:40:29 GMT 2026-04-04T10:40:29Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/7108 HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL IN MAKRAN OFFSHORE Furqan, Muhammad During the past ten years the Makran offshore area has attracted considerable attention of national and international scientists, exploration, and petroleum companies to have a better understanding of the peculiar geological and oceanographic setting and to considerably broaden the geological knowledge about Pakistan's EEZ off the Makran margin and its resource potential. The morphological structure of the Makran, which is strongly influenced by deformation during the subduction processes, is very complex. On the continent and on the upper part of the slope, there are five to seven E-W striking, folded, and elevated accretionary ridges which have been thrust northward, these ridges are separated by ponded slope basins filled with turbidites and hemipelagic se'diments, which are horizontal or dip downslope. The large part of the accretionary wedge is well exposed on the continent. A morphologically characteristic deep-sea trench associated with active convergent margins does not exist in Makran. The Makran continental margin is in an area of high biological productivity in the surface water controlled by monsoonal upwelling. This is one of the causes for the formation of an oxygen minimum zone resulting in a high accumulation rate of predominantly marine organic matter in the marine sediments. Seismic data collected recently from the Makran offshore area provided preliminary identification of some hydrate deposits both at and underneath the sea floor. A bottom-simulating reflector (BSR), caused by the impedance contrast at the base of the gas hydrate zone was observed off Makran at about 400 m below the sea floor in the single channel seismic profiles. The presence of the hydrate indicates that large volumes of methane are being generated at depth in these regions. Offshore, gas expulsions and turbid waters are reported to occur in places along the Makran continental shelf and slope area. Localized presence of small gas seeps/vents has been noted at the seabed, which perhaps is related to the presence of mud diapir or mud volcano structures in the Makran upper slope sediments. Mud charged with methane gas and traces of heavier hydrocarbon oozes through active mud volcanoes along the Makran Coast, which is of special interest in relation to probable oil deposits. Geological, geophysical, and geochemical studies of the Makran zone may eventually lead to delineating the potential resources of the area including petroleum deposits. Supervised by Muhammad Jahangir Khan Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/7108 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/7107 GEOLOGICAL MODELINGOF LOWER INDUS BASIN Hussain, Syed Abid Integrating various data sets to provide one optimal subsurface image is a major goal of geophysicist. In this paper, there is a synergetic approach used to delineate the tectonic-structural framework with analyzing the hydrocarbon reservoir in the Lower Indus Platform basin of Pakistan. The reflected seismic profiles and potential field map constitute the data base of this study. Our study in the line of the previous research is resulted from important oil and gas discoveries contained in the Early Cretaceous and Upper Jurassic formations of the Lower Indus Platform basin area. The result shows trapping the Lower Indus Platform basin involves of the fault blocks andmechanism in stratigraphic traps are present in the area. The more refined images are interpreted to provide greater insight into detailed integrated geophysical study of area. Supervised by Muhammad Irfan Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/7107 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/7111 A REVIEW ON VERTICAL SEISMIC PROFILING (VSP) A CASE STUDY OF CANADIAN OIL SANDS Khan, Zubair Ahmed The context of my thesis/project ‘Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP)’ comprises on several, aspects such as acquisition, processing and interpretation. In which I sequentially discuss the basic concepts of Vertical Seismic Profiling, its historical background and the objectives of my thesis. Then I briefly discuss the basic concepts of seismic fundamentals and its various components, elastic properties of solids, elastic moduli’s, seismic waves, its types, its propagation procedures, reflection, refraction, attenuation of seismic waves and the fundamentals laws of seismic. Then I discuss the acquisition geometries and processing procedures of Vertical Seismic Profiling. Finally, I discuss the 3D VSP as a useful tool for mining^exploration. And at end I gave the conclusion of my thesis project. Supervised by Muhammad Jahangir Khan Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/7111 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/7109 SEISMIC INVERSION CAN IMPROVE THE INTERPRETATION RESULTS Hussain, Umair The enthusiasm in seismic inversion techniques has been growing steadily over the last couple of years. Integrated studies are important to hydrocarbon development projects and inversion is one of the means seismic data. Different seismic inversion techniques have been used for reservoir characterization, each having their own advantages. to extract additional information from facilitates the interpretation of significant geological andSeismic inversion petrophysical boundaries in the subsurface. Inversion increases the resolution of conventional seismics in many cases and puts the study of reservoir parameters at a different level. Interpreters need to consider seismic inversion whenever interpretation is complex by interference from nearby reflectors or the end result is to be a quantitative reservoir property. Supervised by Shaista Iftikhar Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/7109 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z