http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/4783 2026-04-04T12:26:57Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/4787 An empirical investigation of personality testing in organizations in Pakistan : manager's awareness Saima Ahmad The present study aimed at identifying the current area of utilization for personality tests and on the future of personality testing in organizations of Pakistan. Managers were selected from the human resource departments of organizations as they were most equipped with the knowledge of employee testing and were in a decision making capacity for their organizations for all employee related decisions. The target population of the present study was managers who were able to gain acceptability, understanding and awareness, to take informed decisions towards the future utilization of personality tests. Purposive sampling was selected from three major cities of Pakistan to provide geographical diversity to the study and added organizational perspective as predisposed by the cultural environment of their region. The data was collected through semi structured interviews by using a questionnaire designed for the present study. The aim was to identify organizational readiness for the future of personality tests by interviewing managers from a total of nineteen organizations. Qualitative research approach was applied using the method of inductive thematic analysis after the transcription of each interview. In this method of analysis recurrent ideas or topics were identified from within the interview transcriptions, this was then coded and though a Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA) product, NVivo 9 and results obtained. The implication of this research was to investigate the manager’s awareness, acceptance and understanding of personality testing its utilization and benefits for employees and their organizations in the future. The significance of the manager’s awareness levels was established through identifying how manager’s accept and understand the future of personality tests and the personality tests present and future usability. The results were obtained and discussed with figures and tables generated through the NVivo 9 software. The tables indicate the correlation between the themes and their sub-themes statistacially anlyzedto obtain the Pearson correlation coefficient. The figures on the other hand show the number of interviews that discussed the themes and sub-themes during the interview process. xiv The findings of the present study indicate that the level of awareness and understanding of personality tests by managers show that they realized the benefits and were open and accepting towards the general idea of personality testing. Further to the same objective, the study presents a platform to launch personality tests constructively as the awareness level of the managers shows a promising and encouraging future. The results also show that managers are ready to promote personality tests, while emphasizing the cost effectiveness of personality tests and their long term valuable contribution in organizational growth. For future research it is recommended that other departments of organizations be considered in the sample as this study relies on data collected from the human resource department of organizations only. Also a more intensive research may evaluate the present study quantitatively and a comparison drawn between variables maybe considered for future research. Another recommendation for future research is that a pre and post level of awareness may be calculated by taking a brief questionnaire before and after the interview process. The implications of the present study are that it provides information on how personality tests can be successful assessment tools used in collaboration with other instruments like the interviews or other informal methods. It also establishes the level of awareness, understanding, acceptance and future of personality tests discussed through the interviews and the primary themes. The idea of this investigation was to establish grounds to launch personality testing within organizations in Pakistan. The present study has examined how the managers view this topic from all vantage points; also the outlook was to deliver the voice of the managers and their perspective on the topic of personality testing. Most of the managers were in the top most position of their organization’s departments, which was chosen by design to ensure that they are in a decision making capacity and that their opinion carries weightage along with their number of years of service and seniority. A qualitative analysis of senior managers from such reputable organizations in three major cities of Pakistan holds merit and richness of data collected. Supervised by Dr. Zainab F. Zadeh 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/4788 Relationship between perceived organizational justice and commitment among managers in electronic media: case study of a private television network in Pakistan Halima Ghani The concept of organizational justice in the western countries has been extensively explored for over a several decades. However in developing nations the research work in this context is yet to be established, particularly in Pakistan. In Pakistani electronic media, specifically private television news channels are treated as a force to fight for justice and freedom. They have played a tremendous role for the freedom of judiciary and democracy in the country and the employees of these organizations are extensively exposed to campaigns of justice and freedom. In such an environment an employee’s perception of justice for their own organization plays a crucial role in developing and maintaining commitment with the organization. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the nature of relationship between perceived organizational justice and commitment in terms of its impact and predictability among managers in a private television network of Pakistan. It was hypothesized that there would be a significant relationship between perceived organizational justice and commitment and that perceived organizational justice would predict organizational commitment. The present study employed quantitative research method and used cross sectional survey design. In order to test the hypotheses The Three Component Model (TCM) Employee Commitment Survey (2004) based on the Allen and Meyer (1991, 1997) three component model of commitment have been utilized. Organizational Justice Measure (2001) was used to measure organizational justice based on Colquitt’s four-factor model of justice. A demographic form was administered indicating participant’s gender, designation, tenure and qualification. The sample included 143 full time managerial level employees from a private television news channel of Pakistan with their head office in Karachi. Each participant had a minimum of 1 year tenure with their present organization, while minimum qualification criterion is of intermediate (undergraduate), both males, females, married and single employees were included in the sample. Pearson product moment correlation and regression analysis was applied to test the statistical significance of the relationship of the two variables. Supervised by Dr. Zainab F Zadeh 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/4784 Life stressors and social resources of middle aged working married men and women in Karachi Erum Kausar In the past 20 years, the prevalent topics in the area of social and behavioral science has been “stress” and “coping with stress”. Regardless of the fact that a substantial extent of literature has been devoted to the aforementioned topics, in regards to the social resources amongst middle-aged men and women has been scarcer and less. To improve and enrich an individual’s wellbeing in the later stage of life the arena of this research is manifold. At one hand it can expand the awareness and understanding linked to human development and adaptation. On the other hand it provides basis for intervention and recognition in regards to social resources. So, the aim of present research was to investigate the life stressors and social resources of middle aged working married men and women in Karachi. Keeping in mind the importance of middle aged married men and women, it was hypothesized that there would be a significant difference in these two groups regarding following areas. Firstly between different components of life stressors and different components of social resources. Secondly, with work as a life stressor and social resource. Total 150 participants including 75 working married men and 75 working married women of middle socioeconomic status of various occupations from Karachi were sampled for the research. Their age range was 35 to 55 years (Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development) and their education was at least graduation (14years of education is preferred). The Life Stressors and Social Resources Inventory - Adult Form (LISRES-A) by Rudolf H. Moos (1994) was administered on individual basis. The results provided partially significant support of the hypotheses. Such as Work and Friends are greater life stressors for male as compared to female. Physical health, Home and Neighborhood, Finance, Spouse, Children, Extended Family and Negative Life Events as life stressors in male and female has no significant difference. Work as life stressor and social resource significantly differ for males and females but the score of work as a life stressor and social resource is not significantly different. The findings of the present xiii research will be helpful for the professionals, working as a clinical, organizational and educational psychologist, in order to increase the awareness about the outcomes of life stressors of working middle aged men and women and to sensitize them against it, by directing various social resources in their daily life and how they can utilize these resources to overcome life stressors. Supervised by Dr. Zainab Hussain Bhutto 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/4786 Role of birth order and gender in the coping responses in early adulthood Sadia Imtiaz Current research intended to find out the role of birth order and gender on coping responses in early adulthood. Results of this nature of researches will provide helpful guidelines to improve upon the coping responses of people in general. Since lot of research has been undertaken in the theories of birth order, but it has not shown much linkage to the responses of coping in early adulthood, especially in case of people living in Pakistan. For the present research, it was hypothesized that there would be a significant difference between components of coping responses of first, last and only born adults. There would be a significant difference between coping responses of males and females. There would be an interaction effect in coping among birth orders and gender. Purposive sampling was used. Data was collected from different universities of Karachi city (names mentioned in the method section). A total of 150 participants were selected for the study, out of which 75 were males and 75 females, categorizing equally for each birth order (50 for each birth order). First a consent form was signed by the participants, then, a demographic form was administered to record the basic information like age, gender, birth order etc. Coping Responses Inventory-Adult (CRI-A) by Moos (1993) was administered to find out the coping responses. Results from one-way ANOVA showed no significant difference in components of coping responses of first, last and only born adults, thus not verifying the hypotheses of difference of coping among the birth orders. However, t-test showed substantial difference in Emotional Discharge (Behavioral Method and Avoidance Focus of Coping) between males and females at p < 0.042, thus partially verifying the hypotheses of coping differences between gender. When analyzed together, through two-way ANOVA, the effects of birth order and gender on coping responses simultaneously, the Interaction factor in Seeking Alternative Rewards (Behavioral Method and Avoidance Focus of Coping) and Gender factor in Emotional Discharge (Behavioral Method and Avoidance Focus of Coping) were found significant at p < 0.019 and p < 0.041 respectively, thus, partially verifying the hypotheses of interaction effect in coping among birth orders and gender. It is recommended that future research should be conducted on this topic with the guidelines mentioned in the conclusion and recommendation section. Supervised by Dr. Zainab Hussain Bhutto 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z