http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/3033 2026-04-04T12:03:56Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/20512 Translation, Adaptation and Validation of Slosson Intelligence Test – 4th Edition (Sit-4) for University Students Uzma Qayyum, 01-276171-003 The current research was mainly designed to translate and adapt Slosson Intelligence Test 4th Edition (SIT-4) as well as validate and standardize for university students in Pakistan. The research study was completed into two studies. The Study I was primarily concerned with translation and adaptation of SIT-4 in Urdu language. The phase I of the study I was chiefly concerned with the steps involved in appropriate translation and adaptation of SIT-4, the process involved a priori procedure (judgmental procedure) for translating and adapting the six domains of SIT-4 along with the instructions of each item and checklist for the administrator. This process encompassed several forward translations, backward translations, committee approaches, cognitive debriefing and expert reviews. This process resulted in the formulation of the final Urdu version of SIT-4 with all six domains and instructions with each item along with various adaptive changes. Following synthesis of the final Urdu version of SIT-4 , the posterior procedure (statistical procedure) was applied to evaluate the reliability as well as the validity of the newly translated SIT-4. For the psychometric estimation, a sample of 900 (426 men and 473 women) university students aged 19 - 28 years (M = 24.38, SD = 3.45), were selected through convenience sampling, from various universities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi (Pakistan). In phase II of the study I, the pilot testing (N - 50) showed that items are reliable and functioning well; the Kuder -Richardson-20 (KR-20) was calculated as .92 and Cronbach alpha for the adapted version of SIT-4 was between .91 to .92 . The Phase I of the Study II was focused mainly on structural validation of SIT-4 ; the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was carried out and Model fit indices were assessed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Six consecutive CFAs were conducted for the all six domains of the SIT-4. The psychometric evaluation of the six domainsof the SIT-4 including (comprehension, auditory memory, quantitative, vocabulary, general information, and similarities and differences) turned into excellent convergent and discriminant validity and reliability estimates. Measurement invariance for the domains of the SIT - 4 i.e., comprehension, auditory memory, quantitative, vocabulary, general information, and similarities and differences showed that the factor structures were invariant across gender i.e., men and women. In Phase II of the Study II norms were developed for the adapted SIT-4 and its six domains, percentile norms for age and gender were explored. It is concluded that the adapted version of SIT-4 has good psychometric properties, and is culturally and linguistically appropriate for the Pakistani university student population. It is evident that this study would pave way for future research in intelligence testing, future research can utilize these findings with a diverse age range. Supervised by Dr. Noshi Iram Zaman 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/20513 Psychological Risk Factors of Suicidal Ideation among Acid Attack Survivors: An Interpersonal Theory of Suicide Perspective Sidra Azim, 01-276171-002 This research aims to investigate the psychological risk factors contributing to suicidal ideation and attempts among acid attack survivors in Pakistan, with a particular focus on the sociocultural dynamics within the Pakistani context. This qualitative study explores the lived experiences, psychological impacts, and social reintegration of survivors, aiming to understand the psychological factors that precipitate suicidal ideation and the subsequent actions taken by these individuals. Additionally, the research examines the coping mechanisms employed by survivors in the aftermath of their attacks. Grounded in a phenomenological framework, this study emphasizes the personal experiences of survivors and their perceptions of recovery or suicidal thoughts. A purposive sampling method was used to select 16 participants, aged between 18 and 45 years, all of whom had experienced acid attacks. This sample ensured a diversity of perspectives across age, gender, and cultural backgrounds. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, and the data were analyzed using a template analysis approach to explore the survivors' experiences and their interpretations of these events. The analysis revealed that survivors commonly experienced feelings of thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and significant distress, all of which were identified as key psychological risk factors for suicidal ideation. Emergent subthemes included loneliness, absence of reciprocal care, liability, self-hatred, psychological distress, emotional distress, and the coping mechanisms survivors adopted post-incident. The findings of this research contribute significantly to the existing literature by offering a comprehensive understanding of the psychological risk factors for suicidal ideation among acid attack survivors, a population that has been understudied in this regard. This study is one of the few to highlight the psychological factors and the risk of suicidal tendencies in acid attack survivors, providing valuable insights for researchers, Supervised by Dr. Noshi Iram Zaman 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/19048 Application & Adaptation of Eidetic Growth Model for Specific Learning Disorders Semra Salik, 01-276182-003 Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) is a neurodevelopmental challenge characterized by academic skill difficulties, despite normal intelligence and adequate learning opportunities. Addressing SLD in adolescents is crucial as it impacts academic performance, emotional, and social development, potentially influencing long-term personal and professional lives. This study focuses on enhancing interventions for adolescents with SLD using a mixed-method approach and a randomized controlled trial experimental design. Adolescents aged 11 to 16 years, enrolled in grades 4 to 8 in mainstream schools in Islamabad, were included. The research involved need analysis, adapting the Eidetic Model of Growth (EMG), and developing the Eidetic Model of Inclusive Learning (EMIL) to suit individual learning profiles. Data sources included clinical interviews, standardized measures (Learning Disability Evaluation Scale, Strength & Difficulties Scale), and feedback from parents and teachers. The EMIL intervention aimed to improve reading, writing, and mathematics skills while addressing emotional and social factors affecting learning. The study compared an experimental group receiving the EMIL intervention to a control group receiving standard support. Pre- and post-intervention assessments measured improvements in academic performance, emotional well-being, and overall learning outcomes. Preliminary findings, analyzed using a two-way mixed Univariate ANOVA, revealed significant main effects for the experimental group in addressing Dyslexia, Dysgraphia, and Dyscalculia. The EMIL intervention showed substantial improvements, with F-statistics of F (1, 48) = 67.75, 173.32, and 104.61, and p-values less than .001. Significant pre- to postassessment improvements further highlight the effectiveness of tailored interventions in enhancing academic performance and psychosocial well-being. This research underscores the importance of individualized interventions in maximizing development for adolescents with SLD. Supervised by Dr. Rizwana Amin 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/19047 Bereavement Process among Adolescents with Intellectual Disability: An Intervention Program Noor Ul Ain Haider, 01-276171-004 The current dissertation was conducted to study Bereavement Process among Adolescents with Intellectual Disability (ID) with an intervention program. In total 140 adolescents with the age range of 10-19 years according to World Health Organization (WHO, 2018) criteria were selected who lost their loved ones in the time span of last four years and data was gathered from fourteen cities of Pakistan. The Piaget’s concept related to death (universality, cessation, finality, causality, inevitability) is the base of theoretical framework of the study. The research is divided into three phases; Phase-I was the establishment of psychometric properties of Prolonged grief disorder scale named PG-13, evaluation of its factor structure along with assessment of convergent and discriminant validity. It aimed at assessing grief in youngsters through standardized and validated tool in context of Pakistani culture. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2018) guidelines for translation, adaptation and validation were followed. Translation of the scale was done from English to Urdu language i.e., National language of Pakistan. For validation, two methods were followed, where in first method, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was done. The model fit indices were χ2/df=3.20, CFI=.95, NNFI=.94 and SRMR=.025. The value of AVE=.81 and CR=.98. All the findings are suggestive of satisfactory model fit indices and confirming the one factor structure of PG-13 Urdu version. For convergent and discriminant validation of PG-13, second method included the assessment of related constructs through different scales. For convergent validation of PG-13, GAD-7 Urdu version (Generalized anxiety disorder scale with 7 items), PSS Urdu Version (Perceived stress scale), NA Urdu version (Negative affect subscale of ICP-Subjective wellbeing scale- SWBS) were utilized. For discriminant validity, PA (Positive affect) and LS (Life satisfaction), sub scales of ICP-SWBS were used. The Cronchbach alpha reliability of PG-13 is .97 with high item total correlation values. PG-13 was positively correlated with GAD-7, PSS and NA with the values of .67, .69 and .68 respectively. PG-13 was negatively correlated with PA and LS with values of -.49 and -.89. Findings were indicative of satisfactory convergent and discriminant validity measures. Participants who scored higher on PG-13 with the loss duration of more than six months were considered having symptoms of Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD). The Phase-II was based on qualitative exploration of grieving processes in youngsters with ID through semi-structured interviews. It was conducted on seven participants through Interview guide and data was gathered in the form of audio recordings. Through content analysis, six themes are generated namely, Meaning of Death, Death Rituals, Religious Concepts (sub-themes of Will of God, Concept of Angels, Reward and Punishment), Reasons of Death (Biological and Accidental), Grieving Perception (sub-themes of Expression of grief, Memories of the deceased ones), Coping with Grief (Religious rituals involvement, Emotional and social support, Distraction activities). The Piaget’s concept related to death ideas were seen at super-facial level in youngsters and in depth comprehension was lacking. The Phase-III was based on Intervention including group psychotherapeutic intervention of bereaved adolescents with ID and support group intervention of parents and teachers of bereaved youngsters. The participants with high scores on PG-13 were divided in to experimental group (n=12) and waitlist control group (n=16). The group psychotherapeutic intervention based on Play and Behavior therapy was conducted on experimental group having ten sessions for five weeks. The assessment through PG-13 Urdu version was done at three levels, i.e., pre, post and follow up assessment with a gap of 5 weeks and one month respectively. Meanwhile, temporal assessment was also done with waitlist control group (n=16) with the same time duration. For analysis, 2x3 Factorial ANCOVA was done to assess the main and interaction effects of covariates in results. Findings were suggestive of decrease in grieving manifestations in experimental group with F value of 49.586*** at p<.001 and ƞ2 value of .683 shows positive impact of intervention program on lessening grieving symptoms in adolescents with ID. Yet covariates showed no effect on results except groups’ bifurcation which showed significant effect of groups in grief management. Post hoc test also confirms the significant findings. Support group intervention based on four weekly sessions were also conducted with parents and teachers separately of bereaved adolescents. Pre and post assessment was done through Coping styles Scale (CSS- having two subscales named Problem Focused Coping (PFC) and Emotion Focused Coping (EFC)) with the gap of 4 weeks. Results of 2x2 Factorial ANCOVA showed significant results, with F value of 54. 719* at p<.05 and ƞ2 is .763 for PFC in both groups. The value of F is .14* at p>.05 and ƞ2 is .001 for EFC in both groups showing non-significant findings. The covariates again showed no effect on results except for both groups’ differences. The findings were conclusive of availability of standardized grief measurement named PG-13 in Urdu language with single factor structure for assessing prolonged grieving symptoms in youngsters with ID. Exploration of grieving manifestation through qualitative study also showed superficial understanding of different death concepts and lastly the efficacy of ten weeks intervention program for adolescents with ID and four weeks support group intervention for parents and teachers of youngsters was established. The present work is helpful for the professionals in assessment of grief through standardized scale along with availability of planned group psychotherapeutic intervention for bereaved adolescents with ID. Supervised by Dr. Noshi Iram Zaman 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z