http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/283 2026-04-04T12:05:20Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/13519 Spiritually Informed Cognitive Behaviuor Therapy for the Treatment of Depression in Patients with Cardiac Illnesses Erum Kausar, 05-274152-001 The aim of the current research is to see the efficacy of Spiritually Informed Cognitive Behaviour Therapy in reducing depression in patients with cardiac illnesses. For this, it was hypothesized that there will be a significant difference in the level of depression in patients with cardiac illness before and after the treatment of Spiritually Informed Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. Another hypothesis stated that there will be a significant difference in the level of depression of patients with cardiac illness in the experimental group (experiencing Spiritually Informed Cognitive Behaviour Therapy) as compared to the waitlist control group. It was also hypothesized that there will be a significant difference in the number of cognitive distortions of patients with cardiac illness in the experimental group as compared to the waitlist control group, and there will be a significant gender difference in the level of depression of patients with cardiac illness after receiving Spiritually Informed Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. Two focus groups (respectively 10 and 8 number of participants) were conducted. The purpose of conducting focus groups was to gain an indigenous insight into prevailing cognitive distortions among patients with cardiac illnesses. The results of the focus group after verbatim analysis showed 3 cognitive distortions in the cardiac patients with depression including all-or-nothing thinking, emotional reasoning and mislabeling. The second phase of the research included a pre-post research design, whereby 50 patients with cardiac illness were recruited as participants from a private cardiac hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. These patients with cardiac illnesses also having a moderate or severe level of depression were selected, and divided into experimental and waitlist control groups. Those who gave consent for the intervention were included in an experimental group and those, who were viii not willing for intervention or unable to continue to long therapy procedure due to any of their personal limitations were included in a waitlist control group (25 experimental and 25 waitlist control group). The participants belonged to the age group of 35 – 65 years with a mean age of 53.8 years (experimental group M= 54.84, SD= 7.38; waitlist control group M= 54.92, SD=7.33). Depression in Chronic Illnesses Scale (Yaseen, 2014) was used in pre and post-intervention stages to record the changes in the level of depression and to test the efficacy of the treatment utilized. Paired sample t-test indicated that the intervention is effective for reducing depression in patients with cardiac illness. The results showed verification of the first three hypotheses indicating a significant difference in the level of depression in patients with cardiac illness before and after the treatment of Spiritually Informed Cognitive Behaviour Therapy in the experimental group. The results also showed a significant reduction in the number of cognitive distortions of patients with cardiac illness in the experimental group as compared to the waitlist control group. Independent sample t-test showed no gender difference in the level of depression of patients with cardiac illness after receiving the therapy indicating the effectiveness of the intervention for both genders. Based on the results, it is recommended that in future researches more diverse populations from other religious faiths and cities could be used for analysing the significance of Spiritually Informed Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. Supervised by Dr. Zainab Hussain Bhutto 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/8804 Emotional Intelligence and Creative Potential as Predictors of Job Satisfaction in Managers Mairaj Ahmad, Sonia Exploring emotional intelligence and creativity have become an absolute in today’s organizations. Talent management and emotional stability in the past ten years have been topics of interest for researchers, recruiters as well as trainers. The present study’s aim was to find out whether emotional intelligence and creative potential are predictors of job satisfaction in managers. It was hypothesized that the managers scoring high on emotional intelligence and creative potential scales would score high on job satisfaction. Furthermore it was assumed that there would be a significant difference in the scores of marketing and finance managers. The sampling approach was the purposive sampling technique based on whether the managers matched the required characteristics of the research. The Self Report Emotional Intelligence Scale (Schutte et al, 1998), Job Satisfaction index (Phoebus Publishing Co. BPS publishing ltd, 1975) and the Creative Potential index (Cattell, Cattell & Cattell, 1993) were administered on the participants. The respondents of the study were 200 managers of age 30 years and above; with at least five years of job experience at the post of a manager, either in the finance or marketing department. To verify relationship between the three variables and to find a model of prediction Correlations and Regression Analysis were calculated. To analyze the difference between the finance managers group and the marketing managers’ group ttest was tabulated. All statistical analyses were conducted using the SPSS software. The results support the first and second hypotheses significant at 0.01 that high level of emotional intelligence and high level of creative potential would predict high level of job satisfaction in managers. However a significant difference was not found between finance and marketing managers’ scores on emotional intelligence, creative potential and job satisfaction. The regression model summary supported the theoretical framework that there is .183 adjusted R Square, Regression Model summary predicts authentication of the overall model. It also confirms the usefulness of studying emotional intelligence and creative potential to predict job satisfaction among managers.The implications of the research is dual; initially to find out the existing trends in Pakistan by determining the importance of emotional intelligence and creative potential for managers in Karachi. Secondly to signify the importance of personal dispositions and their influence on attitude towards work. The research implies that since the variables of emotional intelligence and creative potential predict job satisfaction so these variables can help improve the selection and hiring processes; talent search, appraisals and trainings. Supervised by Dr. Zainab f. Zadeh 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/7153 Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Interventions Among Pakistan Couples With Marital Dissatisfaction Samia, Omer Zuberi Disturbed marital relationship is one of the major issues of the modem society. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of cognitive behavioral interventions on marital dissatisfaction in a sample of Pakistani couples. In Pakistan, more scientist practitioners, who practice evidence-based therapies, are needed. This model of practice is likely to bolster further research in evidence-based psychological interventions. It is within this scientist-practitioner model of clinical research and practice that the present study was planned. The study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral interventions with married couples experiencing marital dissatisfaction. The research method applied in the present study was quantitative in nature. The research design of the study was experimental. Fifty (50) married couples were randomly allocated into two equal groups: the experimental group (the couples received the treatment) and the control group (waited for behavioral interventions). Demographic information relating to age, gender, educational qualification, number of years married; number of children and socio-economic status was obtained from participants in experimental and control groups. Both groups were assessed for marital adjustment by completing the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) and the Kansas i Marital Satisfaction Scale (KMSS) before (pre-intervention) and after (post intervention) the cognitive behavioral interventions. The cognitive marital techniques Supervised by Dr. Zainab f. Zadeh 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/3821 Prevalence of Vicarious Trauma and related Factors as a source of Indirect Exposure to Violence in adolescents yazdani, Ayza In an increasingly turbulent world, individuals are constantly exposed to violent # happenings. Pakistan has suffered' from natural and man-made catastrophes particularly over the last decade. However, systematic knowledge about the range, exposure or impact on adolescents is scarce. The present research assumed that indirect knowledge of violent events happening to another can cause feelings of chronic anxiety in varying degrees and built upon the concept of vicarious trauma as given by several theorists. It has used a holistic approach by incorporating the symptoms of trauma and the individual’s cognitive world. The present research investigated the prevalence of vicarious trauma in adolescent girls and boys by assessing them for presence of moderate symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Adolescents from private and government schools of Rawalpindi, Islamabad and Karachi were the target group. Purposive sampling method was used. The sample taken consisted of adolescents between 14-16 years with a mean age of 14.9 years. Students studying in classes 8 to first year of intermediate and 0’ level were selected. Focus groups were designed with 40 students. The aim was to explore the topic, develop and refine the Events Exposure Questionnaire. This questionnaire and Impact of Events Scale - Revised (Weiss & Mannar, 1997) with modifications to time frame was administered to 100 students. The scale was translated into Urdu using back method and overall reliability was estimated at .88 using Cronbach’s Alpha. The final study was carried out on 1074 adolescents. Four hypotheses were fonnulated. It was assumed that there would be prevalence of trauma symptoms among adolescents and girls display more of these symptoms than boys. Physical proximity to the trauma site and emotional proximity to victim were independent variables of the study. These variables were also investigated as third and fourth hypotheses and were assumed to cause vicarious trauma in adolescents. Physical proximity was measured as visiting places which had been targets of bomb blasts. Emotional proximity occurred when the victim of a bomb blast or kidnapping was a family member, relative, friend or known through a friend by the adolescent. Related factors which were considered sources of indirect exposure were also investigated. These were peri-traumatic stressors such as exposure severity, intensity, frequency and duration. The first hypothesis found 54% prevalence of moderate level of trauma symptoms. Girls reported higher intrusion subscale and total IES-R scores. It was found that girls are experiencing vicarious trauma symptoms at p < .01 level. No difference between the two genders was found on hyperarousal and avoidance subscale scores. The third assumption was also supported: physical proximity predicts vicarious trauma and it explains 2% of the variance. Emotional proximity to victims of bomb blast and kidnapping was also found to predict vicarious trauma and explains it 3.3 % of the variance. Thus, all hypotheses were supported. Indirect exposure severity of Pakistani adolescents to violent events is 44%. The intensity of natural and man-made traumatic stressors is 48%, with terrorist attacks being prominent. The frequency of indirect exposures to traumatic events was not found important. Time of occurrence of the traumatic event in present outcome is considered # more important as the event had occurred more than a year earlier and lingering symptoms of trauma have manifold implications. Exposure to information through several sources such as media and social interactions was used as a measure of duration of traumatic events. Overall figures indicate high percentage of affirmative responses in all categories and television is found to be the main source of the continuation of the trauma. Gender differences are then observed in their obtaining different information from different sources, with girls relying more on family while boys prefer peers and internet. The research has yielded important information with respect to trauma exposure and prevalence in the Pakistani society. Gender differences are found in the prevalence of vicarious trauma. Usage of media reflects a society where girls and boys follow strict rules of socialization. It also identifies an endemic characteristic of the society which has co-existed with trauma and continues to live with violence. The findings can significantly aid in developing strategies for therapeutic interventions as well as planning educational and mental health policies. Supervised by Prof Dr. Zainab F. Zadeh 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z