http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/10313 2026-04-04T09:18:57Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/19190 Rare Earth Elements From Coal Samples: Case Study Of Dara Adam Khel, Khyber Pakhtunkha, Pakistan Eman Akbar This study presents the evaluation of rare earth elements (REE’s) in raw coal samples by performing geochemical analysis on coal deposits of Hangu Formation, Dara Adam Khel, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Making them from unconventional resources, in particular coal, is critical because these so-called rare earth elements also are embrace in modern revolution including electronics, renewable energy sources and defense uses. Present study of raw coal samples examined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Out of 17 rare earth elements in the periodic table, only one element was below the detection limit; ICP-MS showed its high consideration and accuracy in the detection of REE concentration. XRD analysis provided crucial information regarding the mineralogical composition of the coal samples, indicating that certain minerals—such as clay minerals and secondary phosphates were associated with rare earth elements (REE’s). Geochemical data indicates that REEs contain large variations in concentrations in coal seams, which are controlled by deposition and diagenesis. These findings suggest that the coal resources of Dara Adam Khel could represent a small yet significant source of REE’s, especially the highly sought after elements neodymium, dysprosium, and yttrium. In addition to providing greater insight into the concentration of REE in coal, this study also demonstrates that coal-derived REE's hold significant economic potential to diversify Pakistan's resource base. The importance of a multidisciplinary approach in assessing coal for strategic resource development and sustainable extraction strategies is demonstrated through the integration of ICP-MS and XRD methodologies. Supervised by Dr. Mumtaz Ali Khan 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/19191 Reservoir Potential Evaluation of Lower Goru Formation in Zaur Field, Southern Indus Basin, Pakistan Ammar Ul Hassan; Muhammad Haseeb Ul Hassan The well Zaur-1 and Zaur-3 were drilled to evaluate an exploration prospect in Zaur field. The petrophysical analysis was performed to determine the petrophysical properties, Intervals of hydrocarbon potential along with the accessing the thickness of the intervals and porosity of formations. A significant reservoir discovery has been made in Lower Goru Formation. A conventional suite of Wireline logs including Gamma Ray, SP, LLS, LLD, MSFL, Density and Neutron were acquired for formation evaluation purposes. The Petrophysical analysis has been done on Geo Graphics, Gverse. The Lower Goru Formation of Zaur 1 started from 1766.93 having thickness of 214m and in Zaur 3 started from 1894.64 having a thickness of 236m. The Lower Goru Formation of Zaur 1 has four Sand Zones in it as A Sand (1766.93-1803.2), B Sand (1816-1844), C Sand (1895-1973), and D Sand ( 1973-1981).The average calculated parameters that’s volume of shale is 15, 7, 58 and 72 %, Average porosity is 4, 10, 11, 12 %, effective porosity is 3, 9 ,4 ,9 % and saturation of Hydrocarbon is about 2, 80 ,35, 12 percent. The Zaur 3 well also exhibits four Sand Zones in it as A Sand (1894-1926), B Sand (1937-1975), C Sand (2015-2101), and D Sand ( 2010- 2050) having volume of shale 10, 9,43,44 %, Average porosity 8, 11,13,13 %, Effective porosity 7,10, 7, 7 % and Saturation of Hydrocarbon is 20,52, 37 ,33 % in it. The analysis indicates that B Sand of Zaur 1 has highest hydrocarbon saturation compared to B Sand and in Zaur 3. Supervised by Dr. Muhammad Raiees Amjad 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/19300 Assessment Of Drinking Water Quality From Different Water Sources In Quetta, Balochistan Bisma Dost Ali; Syeda Ayza Shah; Eisha Azam Clean drinking water is a major concern in developing countries like Pakistan, where families and communities rely on private water supply systems, distant filters, water bores, etc. The present study evaluated the drinking water quality from different sources i.e., tube wells, filter water, reservoir water, and water from different companies in the Quetta city, Baluchistan. The results of physical analysis for tube well samples revealed that pH, temperature was within the safe limit in all samples. The TDS, EC and Turbidity exceeded in some samples. The parameters (pH, TDS, EC, Temp and turbidity) in filter, and reservoir samples were all within the safe limit. The parameters in company water samples were also within the safe range except for TDS which exceeded in one (C2) sample. The results of chemical analysis for tube well samples revealed that chlorides and sodium were within safe limits in all 21 samples except for T7. Hardness was also within range except for a few samples. Alkalinity was within safe limits in all samples. Mg2+ exceeded in all samples (21) except for T7 and T20. Ca2+ was within range in all samples other than some samples. Cl, Na, Alkalinity, hardness and Ca2+ in all filter and reservoir samples were within the range except for Mg2+ which exceeded the safe limit in 4 out of 5 samples. Water samples from companies had all chemical parameters within safe range except for Mg2+ which exceeded in 5 out of 6 samples. The results of biological analysis showed that 7 out of 21 tube-well water samples had total coliforms, making the water unfit for drinking. This also points towards the poor and unsatisfactory water quality of these tube wells. 4 of 7 tube wells had an uncountable growth of total coliforms. The highest number was found in Tube well 8 following the TW10 and 20. No total coliforms were detected in samples of filter water, reservoir water, and water taken from different companies. The results of elemental analysis revealed that all trace elements (Mg, Ca, Mn, Mo, Co, Li, Ag, Hg, S, Se, Sr, Si, Pd, Al, B, Zn, Ba) and heavy metals (Cr, Cd, As, Ni, Pb, Cu) were within the recommended limits given by Pak EPA and NEQs. Overall, the water quality of tube wells seems unsatisfactory. The water quality of reservoirs, filter plants, and different companies used for drinking can be deemed satisfactory and fit for drinking. Supervised by Dr. Said Akbar Khan 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/19302 Delineation of Potential Reservoir Intervals and Lithology Variations Using Wireline Data of Drigri-01 And Kotrum-01 Wells, Middle Indus Basin Pakistan Hammad Ahmed; Muhammad Ahmed This study evaluates the petrophysical characteristics and lithological variations of the Kotrum-01 and Drigri-01 wells in the Middle Indus Basin, Pakistan. By using wireline log data to delineate potential reservoir intervals including gamma-ray, resistivity, neutron density and sonic logs which provided insights into shale volume, porosity, and fluid saturation. The stratigraphic correlation revealed significant facies variations influencing reservoir quality. The Habib Rahi and Lower Ranikot were the key reservoir units, demonstrating lithological heterogeneity influencing fluid distribution and storage capacity. The Cross-plot techniques used including M-N and Density-Neutron cross plots, were applied to refine lithology and fluid identification, improving reservoir characterization. Fluid saturation models, such as Archie’s and Simandoux's equations, were used to estimate water saturation and hydrocarbon distribution. These findings enhance hydrocarbon recovery potential and optimize field development strategies in the Middle Indus Basin. Supervised by Dr. Muhammad Raiees Amjad 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z