http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/173 2026-04-04T12:27:56Z 2026-04-04T12:27:56Z Javeria Jalil Brohi, 01-155171-016 http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/10443 2020-12-11T09:51:34Z 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z

Pakistan’s economic conditions and experiences of women working in informal service sector: a Marxist feminist approach Javeria Jalil Brohi, 01-155171-016 Informal economy is defined as the economy which is unrecognized from the state and government officials. The jobs in the informal economy are not registered, neither taxed nor given any social protection for example provision of pension, proper wages and labor rights. These jobs provide unsafe environment and hectic schedules with low wages which are not at all beneficial for the employees hence they remain poor. It is observed that mostly women are found to be a part of the informal economy because of the difficulties they face in the jobs of the formal economy. In Pakistan, the jobs in which women are found to be involved are usually home-based for example handicrafts and stitching. The problem arises when these women with no knowledge of the market wages are exploited at cheap labor by the contractors. This exploitation was criticized by the Marxist Feminist approach which claimed that because of Capitalism and profit maximization, women are degraded to a secondary element of labor who are only provided with jobs when needed and at lower wages than the opposite gender. Patriarchy also serves as a contributing factor where market and labor both are male dominated and hence women are subjected to exploitative patterns of employment. Women working in informal service sector of Pakistan contribute significantly to the overall economic trajectory, but their work remains unnoticed and unrecognized. Formalizing the informal sector is a mountain to climb because of the contrasting nature of both the sectors. Supervised by Ms.Sanabil Sibtain

2021-01-01T00:00:00Z Sara Sheikh, 01-155171-036 http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/10459 2020-12-12T01:48:17Z 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z

The impact of covid-19 on the geopolitics of the world- A realist paradigm Sara Sheikh, 01-155171-036 The Novel Corona Virus was started from Wuhan in China, which is a city of around eleven million people. On December 1, 2019 the first patient was reported to be suffering with this virus, who had symptoms like dry cough, fever and difficulty in breathing. While on January 11, 2020 China reported the first death caused by Corona Virus. Wuhan is connected to other major cities in China also it is connected to the world by an international airport that transports twenty four and a half million passengers a year and connects to thirty cities around the globe. So it started spreading in different countries. The more the world was interconnected more was it easier for the virus to spread. There were many cases positive for this virus in Wuhan and many were dying as well it started spreading very fast and cases were found in various places around the world. World Health organization called this virus a pandemic and an emergency situation for the whole world to be ready for. G- 7 emergency meeting of governors and central bank finance ministers took place in which they decided to monitor the situation. Soon after the meeting the United States government referred this virus as 'Chinese Virus’. They believe that this virus is spreading throughout the world due to China. Whereas China believes that this was brought to China by US army at Wuhan. There are different conspiracy theories about the virus but at this time of emergency, besides the blame game these are the leaders who are actually required to play global leadership role. But due to the negligence and lack of knowledge, the confirmed cases of COVID-19 have reached 90,054,813, including 1,945,610 deaths worldwide, updated by WHO on 13 January, 2021.1 Covid-19 is big crisis in the terms of health, economy and a lot more. From third world to first world countries, from weak to strong this virus has become a threat for all. Since this virus spreads from person to person so there was a need to shut down work places, airline, educational institutions, traveling Supervised by Dr. Azhar Ahmad

2021-01-01T00:00:00Z Asad Shoaib http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/10482 2020-12-12T04:55:37Z 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z

A qualitative analysis of suicidal tendencies among the students in Chitral region Asad Shoaib The study aimed to identify the prevalence and factors associated with increasing suicides tendencies among students in rural area of Chitral. Suicide and suicidal ideation among students are an increasingly burdensome in Chitral region, and it's often associated with socio-economic problem, co-existing mental illness specially depression and stressful personal and academic events. In addition, female students have been found to have significantly higher rates of suicidal ideation than general population. Unfortunately, it is a neglected public health issue. Semistructured qualitative interviews guides were designed according to the stated objectives ofthe study. Based on educational backgrounds, different interview guides designed. In-depth interviews were conducted through the interview guides. The goals ofthe interviews were helpful to understand the variations in each participant's experience of evidence-based practices. Numbers of focus group discussion were conducted, through these discussions and interviews we found out the causes of suicides and suicidal thoughts were due to these phenomena's: student with greater depression severity, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Similarly, socio-economic are peer pressure, academic failure, parental gap and their higher expectation, lack of religiosity and failure in love. Suicide doesn't end the pain; it just passes it on to someone else Supervised by Mr. Asad Shoaib

2021-01-01T00:00:00Z Usama Twaha, 01-155162-041 http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/10465 2020-12-12T02:20:18Z 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z

Factors behind increasing trends of drug intake among University students Usama Twaha, 01-155162-041 Substance use in educational institutions is one of the burning social issues in educational institutions throughout the world. Pakistan is also not safe from this menace. Substance use by the students can be harmful leading to low academic performance and high risk of diseases. This thesis discusses the prevailing trends of drug intake among university students in Islamabad, Pakistan. The main objective of the study was to find out the factors, nature and consequences associated with drug use among the university students. Quantitative research methodology was used to carry out the research while a sample of 40 students has been drawn by using snow ball sampling technique. Forty respondents were interviewed for collection of data. The results highlighted various factors responsible for the drug intake among university students in Pakistan. Newly enrolled students usually fall prey to the senior students who ultimately motivate them to use the drugs. While another compelling factor found to be study related stress. Many of the respondents admitted that initially the students take drugs as a fashion but later on they get addicted to it. The peer group or the peer pressure is also one of the contributing factors that lead students to use drugs. The study concludes that drugs are now becoming quite usual among university students in Pakistan consequently affecting their personal, academic and professional life. The study suggests that media should play its part in highlighting the consequences of drug intake on a larger scale; furthermore, there should be strict surveillance around the premises of the universities to keep proper check and balance to tackle and discourage the drug paddlers and drug businesses. The study further suggests that periodical drug tests should be made compulsory for the students before and during their stay in university. Supervised by Ms. Asia Ashfaq

2021-01-01T00:00:00Z