http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/10351 2026-04-04T12:27:31Z 2026-04-04T12:27:31Z Nauman Ali, 01-262221-017 http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/19892 2025-08-19T06:41:43Z 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z

Microfacies Analysis and Biostratigraphy of Lockhart Limestone Kuza Gali Hazara Basin Pakistan Nauman Ali, 01-262221-017 The Lockhart Limestone, a prominent Paleocene carbonate unit in northern Pakistan's Hazara Basin that provides important information about the geological, depositional, and diagenetic processes of the area. This study uses petrographic examinations of exposures in the Kuza Gali region as well as field observations to investigate its lithological, biostratigraphic, and diagenetic features. The limestone exhibits notable diagenetic changes, including micritization, neomorphism, and stylolitic fabrics, and is distinguished by medium-grained, nodular lithology interbedded with shale and marl. Important benthic foraminifera, such as Lockhartia haimei and Miscellanea miscella, were found by biostratigraphic research to be suggestive of a Thanetian (Upper Paleocene) date and deposition in warm, shallow marine habitats. Four depositional types, bioclastic packestone, wackestone, wacke-packestone, and mud-wackestone, were identified by microfacies analysis, representing environments ranging from open maritime shelves to enclosed lagoons. Its potential as a reservoir for minerals and hydrocarbons was increased by the strong influence of diagenetic processes under burial, meteoric, and marine settings on porosity and permeability. The stratigraphic context points to deposition during the closure of the Neo-Tethys Sea in a tectonically stable environment. To improve paleogeographic interpretations and evaluate resource viability, this study emphasizes the importance of the Lockhart Limestone in reconstructing regional paleoenvironmental and tectonic histories as well as its economic potential. It also suggests that future research integrate sedimentological modeling, isotopic studies, and geochemical analyses. Supervised by Dr. Mumtaz Ali Khan

2025-01-01T00:00:00Z Muhammad Haider Ali http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/19893 2025-08-19T06:58:51Z 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z

Microfacies Analysis of Eocene Margalla Hill Limestone Hazara Basin Kuza Gali, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Muhammad Haider Ali This study examines the stratigraphic, paleontological, and diagenetic features of the Early Eocene Margalla Hill Limestone in the northern Pakistani district of Kuza Gali. Assilina, Nummulites, and Lockhartia are among the important faunal assemblages identified by the study's petrographic investigation and biostratigraphic evaluations. Analysis of microfacies reveals a depositional environment with low to moderate energy conditions that ranges from lagoonal to middle-shelf marine environments. Micritization, recrystallization, and stylolitization are examples of diagenetic characteristics that show post-depositional processes impacted by tectonic and burial forces related to the Himalayan orogeny. Despite diagenetic porosity loss, these results underline the limestone's economic significance and its potential as a hydrocarbon deposit. Understanding the region's geological development and its implications for resource extraction is improved by the research's integration of stratigraphic, paleoenvironmental, and diagenetic data. Supervised by Dr. Mumtaz Ali Khan

2025-01-01T00:00:00Z Bahadur Ali, 01-262222-013 http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/18229 2024-10-24T12:04:43Z 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z

Mechanical And Petrographic Characteristics Of Kamila Amphibolite, District Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Bahadur Ali, 01-262222-013 The current research has focused on the evaluation of mechanical and petrographic traits of Kamila Amphibolite, Swat district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. To access the mechanical properties, this study involves Ultra Sonic Pulse Velocity (UPV), Point Load test (PLT), Schmidt Rebound Hammer (SRH) test and Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS) test. In the UCS tests, an average strength value of 157.4 MPa was found that is very good for construction applications. This indicates high strength (Anon, 1977, 1979, 1981). The point load strength indices (Is) ranged from 2.90 MPa to 16.19 MPa, whereas the corrected indices (Is50) varied from 2.78 MPa to 15.61 MPa, which shows strengths ranging from low to very high. Surface hardness was found to be good in Schmidt Rebound Hammer (SRH) test, as indicated by rebound numbers that averaged 40.50. The UPV values showed the variations in density and elasticity, ranging from 17.13 km/s to 24.93 km/s which shows very high category. The composition was determined by petrographic analysis to consist primarily of amphibole (average 34.9%), plagioclase (25.2%), epidote (12.4%) and quartz (11.4%). It investigated the roles of four essential minerals i.e., amphibole, plagioclase, epidote and quartz. The findings show that there are notable relationships between mechanical properties and plagioclase particularly in the SRH values and UPV tests. Amphibole and epidote show moderate correlation, while quartz continuously displays lower correlations, indicating a smaller influence on the rock's mechanical behaviour. These findings are critical to the advancement of geological study, the best selection of building materials, and the enhancement of resource management techniques. Supervised by Mr. Masood Anwar

2024-01-01T00:00:00Z Qaisar Ali, 01-222226-017 http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/18228 2024-10-24T12:00:03Z 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z

Mechanical Characteristics Of Aggregate Resources From Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Qaisar Ali, 01-222226-017 Aggregate resources act as a backbone for the infrastructure and serve as an essential component in the concrete, asphalt and have multiple construction applications. Their availability and low cost make them crucial for economic growth and development. In this regard the research has been conducted on the Kashala formation, Kamila amphibolites, Marghazar formation and NakaniGhar formation that are exposed in Swat area and an attempt is made to evaluate their physio-mechanical properties that have great value in assessing the aggregate suitability for its application in any project. To assess the physio-mechanical properties, gradation analysis, The relevant ASTM and AASHTO standards were followed when conducting the Los Angeles abrasion test, crushing value test, impact value test, flakiness and elongation test, soundness test, specific gravity test, and water absorption test. Key findings showed that while abrasion resistance varied, all formations showed good resistance to weathering. The Kashala Formation had the maximum abrasion loss, while the Kamila amphibolite displayed the lowest. Kamila amphibolite exhibited the best flakiness and elongation, while Marghazar Formation displayed the least desirable values. Except for the Marghazar Formation, which showed a higher susceptibility to fracturing, impact resistance was generally good. Most of the particles in all the formations were fine, and their crushing resistance was moderate. The suitability of a formation for a given application will rely on the project requirements. For applications requiring high abrasion resistance and where flakiness and elongation are crucial, Kamila formation might be preferred. In such cases, Marghazar Formation may be less appropriate. To guarantee optimal performance, the predominance of fine particles in all formations must be considered while designing concrete or asphalt mixes. This thesis can help choose the right aggregates for building projects by offering insightful information about the characteristics of these rock formations. Supervised by Mr. Masood Anwar

2024-01-01T00:00:00Z