http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/10331 2026-04-04T10:43:16Z 2026-04-04T10:43:16Z SamihaYousaf, 01-155212-036 http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/19834 2025-08-11T06:09:57Z 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z

International Humanitarian Law and Artificial Intelligence: Legal Scope of Autonomous Weapon Systems Used in the War in Gaza SamihaYousaf, 01-155212-036 This study critically examines the legal challenges posed by the deployment of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-powered Autonomous Weapon Systems (AWS) under International Humanitarian Law (IHL), with a focus on the 2023-24 war in Gaza. It addresses the "context-dependency" gap in IHL, where compliance often fails in real-world asymmetric conflicts. Using a qualitative methodology, this research explores and analyses how legal norms and realities are socially constructed, continuously contested, and redefined. Furthermore, the study is grounded on secondary data sources. The Israeli military's use of AI systems such as Lavender and Gospel serves as a case study revealing these tensions. Despite Israeli claims of multi-layered human oversight, investigative reports and findings by international organisations show growing reliance on algorithmic outputs and broad categorisation of what constitutes a military target, where civilians, including civil society activists and NGO workers, have been broadly labelled as terrorists. These biases, deeply rooted in Israel’s broad and politicised definitions of terrorism, are absorbed by the machine learning models, producing automated suspicion scores that systematically endanger civilian populations. Such practices challenge the principle of meaningful human control and undermine the core IHL obligations of distinction, proportionality, and precaution. Israel’s invocation of the "human shield" argument cannot legally justify the structural errors and disproportionate harm caused by these AI-driven systems. Through a constructivist lens, the study argues that whether future regulation of AWS will occur depends on the strategic alignment of powerful states' interests; absent a direct threat to their security, the normalization of AWS use is likely to prevail. The findings suggest that the governance of AI in warfare is shaped not by humanitarian ideals but by political calculations and evolving power structures. Supervised by Mr. Khaqan Ahmed

2025-01-01T00:00:00Z Hadia Akram, 01-155212-011 http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/19836 2025-08-11T06:20:35Z 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z

Measuring Soft Power Impact of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Under Muhammad Bin Salman Hadia Akram, 01-155212-011 This thesis examines the changing dynamics of Saudi Arabia’s employ of soft power during the reign of the present Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman (MBS), with an emphasis on trends in media and sports. With the announcement of Vision 2030 in 2016, the Kingdom has undertaken a bold conversion to a diversified economy aiming to decrease oil-dependency, reinvigorate the cultural sector and provide new avenues of citizens’ involvement. Underpinning this transformation are massive investments in international sports events, entertainment initiatives, and a change in the domestic media scene. Drawing on Joseph Nye’s concept of soft power, this study investigates how initiatives in media and sports undertaken during MBS’s tenure have contributed to promoting a new national image. The independent variable examined is the range of media and sports-related actions under MBS’s leadership, while the dependent variable is the enhancement of Saudi Arabia’s soft power. The research employs a qualitative methodology, incorporating discourse analysis, policy review, and case studies—including the hosting of Formula One races, the LIV Golf initiative, and the expansion of the Saudi media and entertainment sector. Rather than focusing on external opinions, this thesis emphasizes the internal development and projection of a modernized cultural identity that reflects MBS’s broader vision for national renewal. It further considers how these non-coercive tools are being utilized to complement traditional power instruments within a centralized political system. In doing so, the study contributes to the broader discourse on how contemporary states particularly those with Supervised by Mr. Khaqan Ahmed

2025-01-01T00:00:00Z Fiza Aman, 01-155212-010 http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/19833 2025-08-11T06:06:58Z 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z

The Impact of Climate Change on the Frequency and Intensity of Natural Disasters in District Larkana, Sindh Fiza Aman, 01-155212-010 This research aimed to investigate the impact of climate change on the frequency and intensity of natural disasters, particularly floods, focusing on the village Banguldero in District Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan. With increasing evidence of climate-induced natural disasters worldwide, such as floods, this study attempted to examine their impact. It concentrated on how these events have evolved in northwestern Sindh, a region highly vulnerable to climate change. The statistical investigation assessed the trends in flood disaster frequency and intensity due to climate change. It focused on analyzing the recurrent occurrence of climate-induced natural disasters in Sindh. Another primary objective was to assess the intensity of their impacts on local communities and infrastructure. The research answered key questions regarding how the frequency of flood disasters has changed over recent years. It also addressed the severity of the damage caused by these events. The employment of cluster sampling ensured diversity within the population of UC Banguldero, District Larkana, with 120 survey questionnaires administered. Endorsing the ethical and moral values, this study rigorously utilized primary data collection to the existing body of knowledge. Quantitative data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The study found a strong, statistically significant positive correlation between climate change and both the frequency and intensity of flood disasters in village Banguldero, District Larkana. Regression analysis confirmed that climate change significantly predicts increases in both the frequency and intensity of floods, strengthening the study's hypothesis. This study intended to contribute to the existing base of knowledge on climate change impacts in District Larkana of northwestern Sindh. It provides salient findings for policymakers and disaster management authorities such as National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) to boost climate adaptation and disaster response strategies in the region. Supervised by Dr. Zartashia Anwar Khan

2025-01-01T00:00:00Z Syeda Wajeeha Zahra, 01-155212-045 http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/19835 2025-08-11T06:13:36Z 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z

The Need for a Refugee Law in Pakistan: Navigating Challenges and Opportunities Syeda Wajeeha Zahra, 01-155212-045 This research covers Pakistan's complicated refugee dilemma and the catastrophic consequences of no refugee legislation. The research explores legal and policy gaps, historical backdrop, demography, protection difficulties, and socio-economic consequences of refugees in Pakistan using qualitative literature, policy papers, and organization reports. Deportation, legal ambiguity, and restricted access to essential services plague refugees without a legal framework. This research proposes for a national refugee legislation that meets international criteria and protects refugees. The research emphasizes international collaboration, responsibility sharing, and evidence-based planning for this complex humanitarian and policy issue. The recommendations attempt to improve Pakistani refugee management and build a more equitable and sustainable system. Supervised by Dr. Irfan Hasnain Qaisrani

2025-01-01T00:00:00Z